Biol Trace Elem Res 185(1): 48-55. In comparison with placebo, chromium supplementation significantly increased acute insulin response to glucose but did not affect HbA1c levels, insulin sensitivity, or other measures of glucose metabolism. Using red blood cell uptake and sequestration of chromium as an in vivo metric of Cr (VI) absorption, the primary conclusions of these studies were that: (1) oral exposure to concentrations of Cr (VI) in water up to 10 mg/L (ppm) does not overwhelm the reductive capacity of the stomach and blood, (2) the inhaled dose of Cr (VI) associated with . U.S. Department of Agriculture and Agricultural Research Service. According to an analysis of NHANES III (19881994) data, the median supplemental intake of chromium was about 23 mcg/day among those taking supplements containing chromium [2]. [, Maleki V, Izadi A, Farsad-Naeimi A, Alizadeh M. Chromium supplementation does not improve weight loss or metabolic and hormonal variables in patients with polycystic ovary syndrome: A systematic review. Therefore, scientists hypothesize that chromium supplementation might improve blood lipid levels. In addition to the occupational studies, a retrospective environmental epidemiological study was conducted in residents of a county in Sweden where two ferrochromium alloy industries are located. Bookshelf FDA does not require food labels to list chromium content unless chromium has been added to the food. NIOSH considers all Cr (VI) compounds to be occupational carcinogens. Numerous industrial applications raised chromium to a very important economic element. Solubility and pH appear to be the primary determinants of the capacity of individual chromium compounds to elicit an allergic response [Polak, Turket al. Dose, exposure duration, and the specific compound involved can determine chromiums adverse health effects. Dietary supplements contain many forms of chromium, including chromium picolinate, chromium nicotinate, chromium polynicotinate, chromium chloride, and chromium histidinate [18,27]. Trivalent chromium is often referred to as chromium (III) and is proposed to be . rous chromium alloys impurity present in portland cement. Similarly, the association concluded in its 2015 position statement that evidence is insufficient to support the routine use of supplements containing chromium and other micronutrients for glycemic control in people with diabetes [44]. eCollection 2020 Jul 21. 5- Due to the effects of vehicular traffic, the nonresidential scenario soil cleanup criterion will . Because insulin resistance is often a central component of PCOS, studies have investigated the use of chromium supplements in people with PCOS to help maintain glycemic control and reduce lipid levels [16,53]. Dyslipidemia [, Vincent JB. Small amounts of chromium(III) are needed for human health. An analysis of lung cancer risk suggests a potential excess risk of death from lung cancer among U.S. workers exposed to the previous permissible exposure limit (PEL) for Cr(VI) of 52 g/m [Braver, Infanteet al. No evidence exists to indicate that Cr(III) can cause cancer in animals or humans [IARC 1990; EPA 1998]. Since Cr(III) is poorly absorbed by any route, the toxicity of chromium is mainly attributable to the Cr(VI) form. Clin Obes 2019;9:e12313. Horm Metab Res 2018;50:193-200. Foods providing 20% or more of the DV are considered to be high sources of a nutrient, but foods providing lower percentages of the DV also contribute to a healthful diet. The effects of exposure to any hazardous substance depend on the dose, the duration, how you are exposed, personal traits and habits, and whether other chemicals are present. No data were located regarding chromium in adverse human developmental effects. This is a fact sheet intended for health professionals. Diabetes care 2010;33 Suppl 1:S11-61. Pretreatment with alpha-tocopherol succinate (vitamin E) resulted in a decrease of DNA single-strand breaks produced by Na2CrO4, while similar treatment with riboflavin (vitamin B2) enhanced levels of . Because chromium might amplify insulin action, some scientists have proposed that chromium supplementation could reduce the amount of glucose converted to fat and increase protein synthesis and, hence, muscle mass [12]. Erosion and discoloration of the teeth may occur with Cr(VI) compounds exposure. Cr(VI) compounds can cause mild to severe liver abnormalities. Costello RB, Dwyer JT, Merkel JM. Histological examination of the lung tissue revealed alterations representing mild nonspecific irritation after exposure to 0.9 or 25 mg Cr(III) trichloride for 30 min [Henderson, Rebaret al. [, Tang XL, Sun Z, Gong L. Chromium supplementation in women with polycystic ovary syndrome: Systematic review and meta-analysis. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) cannot attest to the accuracy of a non-federal website. In some cases, fortified foods and dietary supplements are useful when it is not possible otherwise to meet needs for one or more nutrients (e.g., during specific life stages such as pregnancy).". (PELs) to protect workers from the health effects of exposure to chromium metal and various chromium compounds under 1910.1000 Table Z-1 . (1) Health Hazard Information Acute Effects: Chromium VI Chromium (VI) is much more toxic than chromium (III), for both acute and chronic exposures. Diabetes 1997;46:1786-91. 1982]. Read our Chromium (VI) Technical Fact Sheet. J Obstet Gynaecol Res 2018;44:134-43. Hexavalent Chromium (Cr (VI)) is a form of the element Chromium. However, chromium amounts in these foods vary widely depending on local soil and water conditions as well as agricultural and manufacturing processes used to produce them [4,7,12,17-20]. CDC is not responsible for Section 508 compliance (accessibility) on other federal or private website. The Nutritional Biochemistry of Chromium (III). 2000; Park, Benaet al. Mol Nutr Food Res 2018;62. Our findings of the related health effects suggested that the underlying mechanisms of chronic Cr (vi) exposure on blood element homeostasis might be partly explained by oxidative stress in the body, dysfunction of Fe metabolism and renal injury. A 1983 study of 43 chrome-plating plants in Sweden, where workers were exposed almost exclusively to Cr(VI) acid, revealed that all workers with nasal mucosa ulceration or perforation were periodically exposed to at least 20 micrograms per cubic meter (g/m) when working near the plating baths (The newest U.S. permissible exposure level in the workplace for chromates and chromic acid is 5 g/m as a ceiling). Adverse hematological effects of hexavalent chromium: an overview. Chromium can be found in air, soil, and water after release from industries that use chromium, such as industries involved in electroplating, leather tanning, textile production, and the manufacture of chromium-based products. ATSDR can also tell you the location of occupational and environmental health clinics. At the same time, with the development of its uses, the adverse effects of chromium compounds in human health were being defined. [. 1988]. Chromium supplements in health and disease. Levels in bottled water set by FDA Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 2003;27:522-9. HbA1c is a robust measure of blood glucose control because it reflects long-term changes in blood glucose levels [38]. [, Huang H, Chen G, Dong Y, Zhu Y, Chen H. Chromium supplementation for adjuvant treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus: Results from a pooled analysis. This Public Health Statement is the summary chapter from the Toxicological Profile for Chromium. Cookies used to make website functionality more relevant to you. Agency for Toxic Substance and Disease Registration. You will be subject to the destination website's privacy policy when you follow the link. Cr(VI) has been reported to cause severe liver effects in four of five workers exposed to chromium trioxide in the chrome plating industry. Adverse health effects associated with Cr (VI) exposure include occupational asthma, eye irritation and damage, perforated eardrums, respiratory irritation, kidney damage, liver damage, pulmonary congestion and edema, upper abdominal pain, nose irritation and damage, respiratory cancer, skin irritation, and erosion and discoloration of the teeth. Dietary chromium absorption is low, ranging from about 0.4 to 2.5% [5,6]. [, Bai J, Xun P, Morris S, Jacobs DR, Jr., Liu K, He K. Chromium exposure and incidence of metabolic syndrome among American young adults over a 23-year follow-up: the CARDIA Trace Element Study. The Nutritional Biochemistry of Chromium (III). Clin Biochem 2018;62:24-31. Stomach and small Intestine Hexavalent chromium can be an impurity in Portland cement and in tattoo inks. Cr(VI) compounds are clearly mutagenic in the majority of experimental situations [De Flora, Bagnascoet al. Metabolism 1997;46:469-73. Intake recommendations for chromium and other nutrients are provided in the Dietary Reference Intakes (DRIs) developed by an expert committee of the FNB at the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine [2]. Freely chosen diets, institutional diet, and individual foods. In addition, occupational exposure Cr(VI) compounds has been associated with effects on the skin, nasal septum, and eardrum [Gibb, Leeset al. [, Onakpoya I, Posadzki P, Ernst E. Chromium supplementation in overweight and obesity: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials. A 2019 meta-analysis included 21 trials that measured the impact of chromium supplementation on anthropometric indices in a total of 1,316 participants aged 18 or older with overweight or obesity [70]. Includes a variety of protein foods such as lean meats; poultry; eggs; seafood; beans, peas, and lentils; nuts and seeds; and soy products. Systemic contact dermatitis caused by oral chromium picolinate. Furthermore, contact with non-intact skin can lead to ulceration of the skin sometimes referred to as chrome ulcers. History of changes to this fact sheet, U.S. Department of Health & Human Services, Division of Program Coordination, Planning, and Strategic Initiatives, Strengthening Knowledge and Understanding of Dietary Supplements, My Dietary Supplement and Medicine Record, Analytical Methods and Reference Materials (AMRM), NIH Consortium for Advancing Research on Botanical and Other Natural Products (CARBON) Program, Computer Access to Research on Dietary Supplements (CARDS) Database, Dietary Supplement Ingredient Database (DSID), ODS Funding of Grants & Administrative Supplements: FAQ, Administrative Supplements for Validation Studies of Analytical Methods, Staff Bios, Publications, and Presentations, Federal Working Group on Dietary Supplements, NIH Dietary Supplement Research Coordinating Committee. [, Anton SD, Morrison CD, Cefalu WT, Martin CK, Coulon S, Geiselman P, et al. Avoid eye contact with dusts, fumes, smoke, liquids, mists, and aerosols containing hexavalent chromium. There is, however, no established limit for human . Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) Curr Environ Health Rep. 2015 Sep;2(3):295-303. doi: 10.1007/s40572-015-0054-z. Unable to load your collection due to an error, Unable to load your delegates due to an error. Cookies used to enable you to share pages and content that you find interesting on CDC.gov through third party social networking and other websites. Chromium deficiency after long-term total parenteral nutrition. The general population is most likely to be exposed to trace levels of chromium in the food that is eaten. Chromium is one of the most common skin sensitizers and often causes skin sensitizing effect in the general public. Low levels of chromium(III) occur naturally in a variety of foods, such as fruits, vegetables, nuts, beverages, and meats. Numerous studies show associations between poor chromium status and elevated blood cholesterol levels [7]. Determining the chromium content of food is challenging because samples are easily contaminated by standard tools used for measurement and analysis [2]. The site is secure. Your doctor might need to ask you state health department to investigate. CE Expiration Date: December 18, 2013 [, Brown RO, Forloines-Lynn S, Cross RE, Heizer WD. leading to toxic and detrimental health effects. Chromium deficiency has not been reported in healthy populations, and no definitive deficiency symptoms have been established [3,4]. Metab Syndr Relat Disord 2009;7:143-50. Encyclopedia of Food and Health: Academic Press; 2016:114-8. Epub 2012 Oct 24. [. OSHA set a legal limit for chromium(VI) of 0.005 mg/m3 chromium in air averaged over an 8-hour work day, for chromium(III) of 0.5 mg/m3 chromium in air averaged over an 8-hour work day, and for chromium(0) of 1.0 mg/m3 chromium in air averaged over an 8-hour work day. For a reader-friendly overview of Chromium, see our consumer fact sheet on Chromium. Exposure to Cr(III) has not been found to cause any liver effects in workers employed in two factories that produced Cr(III) oxide or Cr(III) sulfate [Korallus, Ehrlicheret al. Chromium is one of the highly toxic pollutants of the environment (e.g., water and subsurface soils), present in trivalent Cr(III) and hexavalent forms Cr(VI). Diabetes Care 2005;28:712-3. Cr(VI) poses a greater risk due to its carcinogenic properties to living organisms, while Cr(III) is generally toxic to plants at very high concentrations and is less toxic or non-toxic . 1993; Meditext 2005]. 8600 Rockville Pike The Dietary Guidelines for Americans describes a healthy dietary pattern as one that: This fact sheet by the National Institutes of Health (NIH) Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS) provides information that should not take the place of medical advice. Some workers can also develop an allergic skin reaction, called allergic contact dermatitis. PCOS is a common endocrine disorder affecting women of reproductive age. Chromium-6 exposure can occur through inhalation, ingestion, and skin contact. Occupational exposures often include mixed exposure to both Cr(III) and Cr(VI) [EPA 1998]. Elevated liver enzyme levels were reported flowing ingestion of 150 mL solution containing 22.5 g potassium dichrome. Nutr Res 1990;10:1401-7. The reported liver effects include derangement of the liver cells, necrosis, lymphocytic and histocytic infiltration, and increases in Kupffer cells [Pascale, Waldstein et al. Dietary intake of cadmium, chromium, copper, manganese, selenium and zinc in a Northern Italy community. The authors of a 2016 review of chromium supplementation in people with type 2 diabetes drew similar conclusions, noting the insufficient rationale to recommend chromium supplements for people with type 2 diabetes and that chromium supplements do not help moderate glucose levels in healthy individuals [39]. Ask ODS It is usually produced by an industrial process. and transmitted securely. Chromium, as trivalent (+3) chromium, is a trace element that is naturally present in many foods and available as a dietary supplement. Bio Trace Elem Res 2004;101:211-8. Nutr Rev 2016;74:455-68. 2005]. Limits foods and beverages higher in added sugars, saturated fat, and sodium. The exposed population reported a higher incidence of subjective complaints of nasal irritation than the control population in the early years of the study, buy in later years the difference between the two groups became progressively less [ATSDR 2000]. Summary: The metabolism, nutritional essentiality, and clinical importance of chromium -Clarity emerging after 60 years of research. In workers, inhalation of chromium(VI) has been shown to cause lung cancer. Chromium is a naturally occurring element found in rocks, animals, plants, soil, and volcanic dust and gases. Chromium compounds contain various percentages of elemental chromium. Carcinogenicity appears to be associated with the inhalation of the less soluble/insoluble Cr(VI) compounds. Corbett GE, Finley BL, Paustenbach DJ, Kerger BD. Severe poisoning can lead to acute tubular necrosis and acute renal failure [Sharma, Singhalet al. Although the precise mechanism for this activity has not been identified, scientists have proposed that chromium binds to an oligopeptide to form chromodulin, a low-molecular-weight, chromium-binding substance that binds to and activates the insulin receptor to promote insulin action [4,6-8]. David M, Jahan S, Hussain J, Rehman H, Cloete KJ, Afsar T, Almajwal A, Alruwaili NW, Razak S. Sci Rep. 2022 May 3;12(1):7172. doi: 10.1038/s41598-022-11304-7. It is likely that children would have the same health effects as adults. The Supplement Facts label on a dietary supplement product declares the amount of elemental chromium, not the weight of the entire chromium compound, in the product. However, the FNB noted that caution may be warranted because the data are limited and that high intakes of chromium could have adverse effects [2,3,6]. The most common health problem in workers exposed to chromium involves the respiratory tract. Present Knowledge in Nutritoin 11th ed. A small study found that taking chromium picolinate supplements at the same time as levothyroxine (used to treat hypothyroidism) decreases levothyroxine absorption over 6 hours [78]. Additional research is needed to determine whether specific populations (e.g. Chromium accumulates mainly in the liver, spleen, soft tissue, and bone [2,5,12]. Cr(VI) compounds, which are powerful oxidizing agents and thus tend to be irritating and corrosive, appear to be much more toxic systemically than Cr(III) compounds, given similar amounts and solubilities. [, Vanek VW, Borum P, Buchman A, Fessler TA, Howard L, Jeejeebhoy K, et al. All information these cookies collect is aggregated and therefore anonymous. Workplace air Sperm damage and damage to the male reproductive system have also been seen in laboratory animals exposed to chromium(VI). Sports Med 2003;33:213-30. Numerous randomized controlled trials have assessed the effects of chromium supplementsoften at pharmacological doses (e.g., in the hundreds of mcg)in people without diabetes or with glucose intolerance or diabetes [16]. John-Kalarickal J, Pearlman G, Carlson HE. JAMA 1979;241:496-8. European Food Safety Authority NDA Panel. Although glomerular injury has been noted in chromium workers, the predominant renal injury is tubular, with low doses acting specifically on the proximal convoluted tubules. Dattilo AM, Miguel SG. Les produits qui en contiennent sont le plus souvent extrmement toxiques. Two other systematic reviews and meta-analyses had similar findings [71,72], as did a 2013 Cochrane review [67]. Sci Rep 2015;5:15606. This determination was based on conflicting evidence from poorly controlled or uncontrolled studies. After breathing it in chromium(VI) can cause nose irritations and nosebleeds. Direct eye contact with chromic acid or chromate dusts can cause permanent eye damage. Human occupational experience clearly indicates that, when inhaled, chromium compounds are respiratory tract irritants, resulting in airway irritation, airway obstruction, and lung, nasal, or sinus cancer. Urinary chromium levels are therefore a good indicator of chromium absorption. Phone: 1-800-CDC-INFO 888-232-6348 (TTY) This section looks at studies concerning potential health effects in animal and human studies. An extensive epidemiological survey was conducted of housewives who lived in an area of Tokyo, Japan, in which contamination from chromium slag at a construction site was discovered in 1973. 1973; Fregert and Fregert 1981]. Finally, hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) levels were significantly lower after 4 months in participants receiving 200 mcg/day chromium (mean 7.5%) or 1,000 mcg/day chromium (mean 6.6%) than in those receiving placebo (mean 8.5%). Stratified analysis of lung cancer mortality showed a trend of increasing mortality with higher cumulative exposure levels. Hexavalent chromium can irritate the nose, throat, and lungs. The first epidemiological study of chromate production workers in the United States that demonstrated an association with lung cancer was conducted with 1,445 workers in seven plants engaged in the extraction of chromates from ore from 1930 to 1947. Elevated intakes of supplemental chromium improve glucose and insulin variables in individuals with type 2 diabetes. Chamblee, GA 30341-3717 June 2, 2022 Careers. We encourage you to talk to your health care providers (doctor, registered dietitian, pharmacist, etc.) Workers may be harmed from exposure to hexavalent chromium. Health effects It is generally accepted that chromium is an essential element for humans(23). 1992]. Trace Elements. [, Davies S, McLaren Howard J, Hunnisett A, Howard M. Age-related decreases in chromium levels in 51,665 hair, sweat, and serum samples from 40,872 patients--implications for the prevention of cardiovascular disease and type II diabetes mellitus. Sheehan PJ, Meyer DM, Sauer MM, Paustenbach DJ. Although ingested Cr(VI) is generally known to be converted to Cr(III) in the stomach following ingestion, prior to the mid-1980s a quantitative analysis of the reduction capacity of the human stomach had not been conducted. Effect of chromium picolinate on insulin sensitivity in vivo. MeSH Trace elements in parenteral nutrition: a practical guide for dosage and monitoring for adult patients. An official website of the United States government. Chromium VI is the most dangerous form of chromium and may cause health problems including: allergic reactions, skin rash, nose irritations and nosebleed, ulsers, weakened immune system, genetic material alteration, kidney and liver damage, and may even go as far as death of the individual. Le chrome hexavalent, chrome (VI), Cr (VI) ou chrome 6) est le 6e tat d'oxydation du chrome. Chromium was discovered in 1797 by Vauquelin. Vincent JB. [, Trumbo PR, Ellwood KC. More recent studies also disclosed excess risk of lung cancer death resulting from occupational exposure to Cr(VI) compounds [Gibb, Leeset al. Metformin and other antidiabetes medications Overall, research suggests that supplementation with chromium, mainly in the form chromium picolinate, reduces body weight and body fat percentage to a very small, but statistically significant, extent. However, because these levels are closely related to recent chromium intakes, they are not good indicators of chromium body stores [4,14]. [Kolaciski, Kostrzewskiet al. [, Freund H, Atamian S, Fischer JE. The mechanism(s) of Cr(VI)-induced carcinogenicity is not completely understood. . [, Paiva AN, Lima JG, Medeiros AC, Figueiredo HA, Andrade RL, Ururahy MA, et al. Systematic review and meta-analysis of the efficacy and safety of chromium supplementation in diabetes. If you need to go back and make any changes, you can always do so by going to our Privacy Policy page. Food Chem 2018;250:105-12. 1997 Jan;142(1):151-9. doi: 10.1006/taap.1996.7993. Most multivitamin/mineral supplements contain chromium, typically 35120 mcg. HHS Vulnerability Disclosure, Help Hexavalent chromium, (chromium VI) rarely occurs naturally, and is mostly produced and released into the environment by human activities. Insulin Cambridge, MA Elsevier; 2019:361-70. However, FDA allows only the following qualified health claim for chromium picolinate dietary supplements: In its 2010 diabetes guidelines, the American Diabetes Association concluded that because studies have not definitively shown that chromium supplementation benefits people with diabetes or obesity, the association cannot recommend such supplementation [43]. This section focuses on five conditions in which chromium might have beneficial effects: impaired glucose tolerance and diabetes, metabolic syndrome, polycystic ovary syndrome, dyslipidemia, and weight and lean body mass. 1996 Apr-Jun;6(2):229-45. In addition, the inter-element correlations exhibited significant differences between the two groups. Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA): Average daily level of intake sufficient to meet the nutrient requirements of nearly all (9798%) healthy individuals; often used to plan nutritionally adequate diets for individuals. In: Coates PM, Betz JM, Blackman MR, et al., eds. Metabolism 1986;35:515-8. Adverse developmental effects in animals include greater incidence of post-implantation loss, decreased fetal body weight, reduced ossification, and decreased number of live fetuses. Developmental effects in animals may be related, in part, to chromium toxicity in the mothers. [. According to isolated case reports, chromium supplements might cause weight loss, anemia, thrombocytopenia, liver dysfunction, renal failure, rhabdomyolysis, dermatitis, and hypoglycemia [73,74]. Arch Environ Contam Toxicol 1992;23:211-5. Heavy metal contamination has become a severe environmental hazard worldwide in recent decades [25, 26].Hexavalent chromium [Cr (VI)] is a global environmental pollutant that increases the risk for several types of cancers and is increasingly being recognized as a neurotoxicant [].Several kinds of plants and microbes play crucial roles . 2. official website and that any information you provide is encrypted Chromium(VI) is known to cause various health effects. Cases of gastrointestinal effects after oral exposure to Cr(VI) compounds have also been reported. Several animal studies provide evidence that Cr(VI), after oral exposure, is a developmental toxicant in rats and mice [ATSDR 2000]. A possible source of chromium exposure is waste dumps for chromate-producing plants causing local air or water pollution. However, chromium did significantly reduce body mass index (BMI) by 2.37 kg/m2 and free testosterone levels by 0.52 pg/mL in comparison with placebo; it also significantly reduced fasting insulin levels by 0.33 milli-IU/mL. These cookies may also be used for advertising purposes by these third parties. Email: Contact CDC-INFO. You can be exposed to a substance only when you come in contact with it. Several types of medications have the potential to interact with chromium supplements. ethnic background, obesity status, baseline insulin sensitivity, and medication use) might be more likely than others to benefit from chromium supplementation [18]. 1995], however, did not corroborate those findings. However, it is reviewing health effects data of hexavalent chromium and may set limits on its levels in drinking water in the future. [, Suksomboon N, Poolsup N, Yuwanakorn A. Small studies in Europe found chromium concentrations ranging from 0.14 to 10.8 mcg/L [5]. Sensitive immunochemical techniques for the measurement of specific proteins in the urine have been used for the early detection of kidney damage, a possible threshold having been indicated at exposure levels yielding 15 g/g creatinine in urine [Franchini and Mutti 1988]. Thank you for taking the time to confirm your preferences. Chromium seems to exert its genetic effects by binding directly to DNA. Hexavalent chromium is harmful to the eyes, skin, and respiratory system. 1994] and hepatic failure [Loubieres, de Lassenceet al. Cr(VI) has been reported to cause severe liver effects in four of five workers exposed to chromium trioxide in the chrome plating industry. J Trace Elem Med Biol 2015;32:66-72. New York, NY Informa Healthcare; 2010. Chromium (Cr) is a trace element critical to human health and well-being. Studies have examined this possibility in various populations, including people with impaired glucose tolerance, diabetes, or PCOS. In three case studies published in the 1970s and 1980s, patients on long-term total parenteral nutrition (TPN) experienced adverse metabolic and neurological effects, including hyperglycemia, glycosuria, unexplained weight loss, peripheral neuropathy, glucose intolerance, and/or confusion [32-34]. Increases in sister chromatid exchanges were seen in lymphocytes from workers exposed to chromium, cobalt, and nickel dusts [WHO 1990; Meditext 2005]. Occupational exposure to Cr(VI) compounds in a number of industries has been associated with increased risk of respiratory system cancers. Renal effects after inhalation or oral exposure to Cr(VI) compounds have been reported. Diabetes Technol Ther 2008;10:405-12. Chromium. 1990; Geller 2001; Lewis 2004; Meditext 2005]. The effects of vitamin E and vitamin B2 on DNA damage and cellular reduction of chromium (VI) were investigated using Chinese hamster V-79 cells. After breathing it in chromium(VI) can cause nose irritations and nosebleeds. Toxicological profile for Chromium. Overall, when used as an adjuvant treatment, chromium lowered fasting plasma glucose and HbA1c levels slightly in people with diabetes. Some studies indicated that reversible renal tubular damage can occur after low-dose, chronic Cr(VI) exposure. describe the carcinogenic effects associated with Cr(VI) exposure. The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) identifies the most serious hazardous waste sites in the nation. Higher than normal levels of chromium in blood or urine may indicate that a person has been exposed to chromium. health? Injury to the brush border membrane is a feature of chromate nephropathy [Kirschbaum, Sprinkelet al. Chromium is a potentially toxic metal occurring in water and groundwater as a result of natural and anthropogenic sources. A small study in 8 men and 11 women in the United States found mean chromium intakes of about 29 mcg/day for women and 54 mcg/day for men [30]. Another systematic review and meta-analysis of five randomized trials lasting 8 weeks to 6 months that included a total of 268 women with PCOS compared supplemental chromium (2001,000 mcg/d, mostly as chromium picolinate) with placebo or metformin [55]. Vincent JB. Data indicate that Cr(VI) compounds are teratogenic in animals. [, Anderson RA, Cheng N, Bryden NA, Polansky MM, Cheng N, Chi J, et al. Anderson RA, Bryden NA, Polansky MM. The authors concluded that the magnitude of chromiums effect was small and of uncertain clinical relevance. Stability and absorption of chromium and absorption of chromium histidinate complexes by humans. Chromium in Health and Disease. The FDA has determined that the chromium concentration in bottled drinking water should not exceed 0.1 mg/L. Epub 2017 May 17. One of the most commonly cited intervention studies of the effects of chromium supplementation for type 2 diabetes was a 1997 randomized controlled trial [37]. Microbial interaction with mafic and ultramafic rocks together with geogenic processes release Cr (VI) in natural environment by chromite oxidation. Chromium: health effects On this page. Any mention in this publication of a specific product or service, or recommendation from an organization or professional society, does not represent an endorsement by ODS of that product, service, or expert advice. Cases of hepatic effects after oral exposure to Cr(VI) compounds have also been reported. These sites are then placed on the National Priorities List (NPL) and are targeted for long-term federal clean-up activities. The low solubility Cr(III) compounds are much less efficient contact allergens than Cr(VI) [Spruit, van Neeret al. Industrial pollution is the most common way chromium-6 is . Chromium (VI), depending on factors such as the concentration and duration of use, can cause the following health effects: irritation, ulceration and allergic reactions with direct skin contact; eye damage with direct contact (including aerosol mist) Baltimore, MD: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2014:248-51. These health effects include irritation of the lining of the nose, runny nose, and breathing problems (asthma, cough, shortness of breath, wheezing). J Toxicol Environ Health A. Most of the chromium leaves the body in the urine within a week, although some may remain in cells for several years or longer. Cambridge, MA: Elsevier; 2019:219-59. Repeated or prolonged exposure can damage the mucous membranes of the nasal passages and result in ulcers. Consistent associations have been found between employment in the chromium industries and significant risk for respiratory cancer (see Carcinogenic Effects). Potential reproductive effects of chromium in humans have not been adequately investigated. In one study, a 14-year-old boy who died after ingesting 7.5 mg Cr(VI)/kg as potassium dichromate experienced abdominal pain and vomiting before death. The main health problems seen in animals following ingestion of chromium(VI) compounds are to the stomach and small intestine (irritation and ulcer) and the blood (anemia). Un compos de chrome hexavalent : l' oxyde de chrome (VI). Ulcers can penetrate deep into soft tissue or become the site of secondary infection, but are not known to lead to malignancy [Deng, Fleegeret al. [, Piotrowska A, Pilch W, Czerwinska-Ledwig O, Zuziak R, Siwek A, Wolak M, et al. Beneficial effects of oral chromium picolinate supplementation on glycemic control in patients with type 2 diabetes: A randomized clinical study. Food and Nutrition Board. Thus, the American Society for Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition and other experts recommend research on parenteral chromium requirements to determine whether chromium levels in TPN solutions should be lowered [9,13,35,36]. These cookies allow us to count visits and traffic sources so we can measure and improve the performance of our site. 2000]. Therefore, chromium supplements might have an additive effect with metformin or other antidiabetes medications and thus might increase the risk of hypoglycemia. Dermal exposure to chromium has been demonstrated to produce irritant and allergic contact dermatitis [Polak 1983; Bruynzeel, Hennipman et al. Dietary intake of calcium, chromium, copper, iron, magnesium, manganese, and zinc: duplicate plate values corrected using derived nutrient intake. 1986]. Join the ODS Email List. Updated: However, due to the tobacco smoking that cannot be excluded as a confounding factor, the increase in subjective respiratory symptoms and decreased pulmonary function parameters cannot be unequivocally be attributed to chromium exposure [Langard S 1980]. Cambridge, MA: Elsevier; 2019:251-78. The .gov means its official. When it is a compound in leather products, it can cause allergic reactions, such as skin rash. Biol Trace Elem Res 1992;32:117-21. 1966]. In a randomized clinical trial in 71 participants (mean age 54.1 years) with poorly controlled type 2 diabetes (HbA1c of at least 7%), supplementation with 600 mcg/day chromium picolinate for 4 months had no effect on total cholesterol, HDL, low-density lipoprotein (LDL; bad) cholesterol, or triglyceride levels in comparison with placebo [57]. Only a few clinical trials of chromium supplementation for metabolic syndrome have been conducted [46,48-50]. No indication was found that residence near these industries is associated with an increased risk of lung cancer [Axelsson, Rylanderet al. (1,3,4) The respiratory tract is the major target organ for chromium (VI) following inhalation exposure in humans. A large number of workers are potentially exposed to chromium. FOIA Patal PC, Cardino MT, Jimeno CA. Cookies used to track the effectiveness of CDC public health campaigns through clickthrough data. In: John W. Erdman Jr. IAM, Steven H. Zeisel, ed. Assessment of the human health risks posed by exposure to chromium-contaminated soils. ulceration of the nasal mucosa with possible septal perforation [Lindberg and Hedenstierna 1983; Dayan and Paine 2001]. Chromium(III) compounds are much less toxic and do not appear to cause these problems. Landman GW, Bilo HJ, Houweling ST, Kleefstra N. Chromium does not belong in the diabetes treatment arsenal: Current evidence and future perspectives. Chromium also exists as hexavalent (+6) chromium, a toxic by-product of stainless steel and other manufacturing processes [1,2]. Adequate Intake (AI): Intake at this level is assumed to ensure nutritional adequacy; established when evidence is insufficient to develop an RDA. The federal government's 2020-2025 Dietary Guidelines for Americans notes that "Because foods provide an array of nutrients and other components that have benefits for health, nutritional needs should be met primarily through foods. Cr(VI) compounds are carcinogenic. However, recent research has suggested that although chromium might have benefits at pharmacologic amounts (e.g., in the hundreds of mcg), it is not an essential mineral because an absence or deficiency of chromium does not produce abnormalities that can be reversed with the addition of chromium (see the Chromium Deficiency section below) [5,9-13]. Endocr Pract 17:16-25. The methodology used here illustrates an approach that permits one to understand, within a very narrow range, the possible intake of Cr(VI) and the associated health risks for situations where little is known about historical concentrations of Cr(VI). Seaborn CD, Stoecker BJ. Chromium is excreted mainly in the urine [1,12,13]. [, Kozlovsky AS, Moser PB, Reiser S, Anderson RA. This site needs JavaScript to work properly. Hexavalent chromium (Cr (VI)) compounds are a large group of chemicals with varying properties, uses, and workplace exposures. The study aimed to determine the probability of health risk among cement workers due to respirable silica (Si), arsenic (As), and chromium (Cr) VI dust exposure. [. Similarly, in a 2018 clinical trial of 70 adults (mean age 58 years) with metabolic syndrome and impaired glucose tolerance, daily supplementation with 300 mcg chromium (200 mcg with breakfast and 100 mcg with dinner, as chromium yeast) for 24 weeks did not affect fasting glucose levels, HbA1c, waist circumference, blood pressure, or lipid levels [49]. Groundwater contaminated with hexavalent chromium [Cr (VI)]: a health survey and clinical examination of community inhabitants (Kanpur, India). Primary irritant dermatitis is related to the direct cytotoxic properties of chromium, while allergic contact dermatitis is an inflammatory response mediated by the immune system. Chromium is an essential trace element whose deficiency can cause impairment of glucose tolerance, growth and various biological functions. Chromium allergic dermatitis is characterized by symptoms of. Obes Rev 2013;14:496-507. In 2001, the Food and Nutrition Board (FNB) of the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine considered chromium to be an essential nutrient based on its effects on insulin action [2]. The FNB concluded that no adverse effects have been linked to high intakes of chromium from food or supplements, so it did not establish a UL for chromium [2]. Course: WB 1466 Table 6-10 Potential Additive Interactions of the Chemicals of Potential Concern. The balance that exists between extracellular Cr(VI) and intracellular Cr(III) is what ultimately dictates the amounts and rates at which Cr(VI) can enter cells and impart its toxic effects [Cohen, Kargacinet al. Pulmonary irritant effects following inhalation of chromium dust can include. Hexavalent chromium (Cr(VI)), a commonly used industrial metal, is a well-known mutagen and carcinogen, and occupational exposure can induce a broad spectrum of adverse health effects, including cancers. In a study of 97 workers from a chrome plant exposed to a mixture of insoluble chromite ore containing Cr(III) and soluble Cr(VI) as sodium chromate and dichromate, gastrointestinal radiography revealed that 10 of the workers had ulcer formation, and of these, six had hypertrophic gastritis. In a randomized trial in 137 participants aged 3070 years with type 2 diabetes, daily supplementation with 1,000 mcg chromium (as chromium picolinate) for 24 weeks did not significantly affect insulin sensitivity, fasting glucose levels, or HbA1c values in comparison with placebo [40]. Metabolic syndrome is a group of risk factorsabdominal obesity, high triglyceride level, low high-density lipoprotein (HDL; good) cholesterol level, hypertension, and high fasting blood glucose levelthat raise the risk of heart disease, diabetes, and stroke [45]. Chromium supplementation had no significant effect on fasting insulin levels or insulin sensitivity, but data from two trials showed that it did significantly lower a measure of insulin resistance. In severe cases, exposure causes perforation of the septum (the wall separating the nasal passages). The Cochrane reviews authors noted that the effect of chromium supplementation on body weight is of debatable clinical relevance and the overall quality of the evidence is low. One of these trials included 63 adults aged 18 to 75 years with metabolic syndrome who received either 500 mcg chromium picolinate or placebo twice daily for 16 weeks [46]. EFSA Journal 2014;12(10):3845. 2002 May 24;65(10):701-46. doi: 10.1080/00984100290071018. A meta-analysis on the effect of chromium picolinate on glucose and lipid profiles among patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Participants taking chromium supplements lost significantly more weight, 0.75 kg, than those taking placebo and also had a significant 0.40 kg/m2 reduction in BMI and body fat percentage, 0.68%, in comparison with placebo. Occupational health nurses can intervene to protect workers from the health hazards associated with Cr(VI). Most dairy products and foods high in sugar (e.g., sucrose and fructose) are low in chromium [2,17,24]. Certain hexavalent chromium compounds produced lung cancer in animals that had the compounds placed directly in their lungs. Some Cr(VI) compounds, such as potassium dichromate and chromium trioxide, are caustic and irritating to gastrointestinal mucosal tissue. 2000]. The patient died of cardiogenic shock, complicated by pancreatitis and gut mucosal necrosis and hemorrhage [van Heerden, Jenkinset al. Biol Trace Elem Res 2015;166:7-12. There are two main forms of chromium. In sensitized workers, contact with even small amounts can cause a serious skin rash. J Trace Elem Med Biol 2017;42:92-6. J Trace Elem Med Biol 2018;48:166-71. All information these cookies collect is aggregated and therefore anonymous. The reduction of Cr(VI) is considered to serve as a detoxification process when it occurs at a distance from the target site for toxic or genotoxic effect while reduction of Cr(VI) may serve to activate chromium toxicity if it takes place in or near the cell nucleus of target organs [Dayan and Paine 2001]. 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