Angelo Vertti, 18 de setembro de 2022

Environ. Nature Clim Change 8, 564569 (2018). Environ. As the severity of the unfolding global climate crisis has become increasingly apparent over the last decade, a movement for climate justice has emerged to challenge unsustainable environmental policies pursued in the United States and around the world. The next phase of the energy transition and its implications for research and policy. World Energy Outlook 2016 (International Energy Agency, 2016). PubMedGoogle Scholar. ISSN 1758-678X (print). Maantay JA, & McLafferty S (Eds.). However, some nations at northern latitudes, such as Canada, Finland, Greenland, Iceland, Norway, Russia, and Sweden, may benefit from global warming.55 Even nations that do not benefit from climate change may put their national interests far above the interests of other nations when it comes to climate change policy, as has happened during climate change treaty negotiations.56Widespread acceptance of the nationalist approach could therefore make it difficult to achieve international cooperation on climate change issues. official website and that any information you provide is encrypted 7, 731 (2016). This has been corrected in the online versions of this Perspective. . It should come as little surprise, therefore, that scholars, scientists, and activists who view climate change as a matter of global justice lean toward a cosmopolitan view of justice.57, One of the main critiques of cosmopolitanism is that it is an ideal theory that is out of step with geopolitical realities, such as the problems with achieving international cooperation and the influence of nationalism.58 For cosmopolitanism to be an effective approach to international justice, a strong form of global governance is needed to enforce treaties and basic human rights, deter warfare, and transfer wealth from rich to poor countries.59 However, the world currently does not have a global governance system that is capable of promoting cosmopolitan ideals, and none is likely to emerge in the foreseeable future, because nationalism remains an important political movement and is on the rise in many parts of the world.60, Because cosmopolitanism is not uniformly accepted as an approach to international justice, it may be difficult to develop and implement climate change agreements that promote global justice. Policy 12, 815 (2016). Peasant Stud. Energy Res. Allen, R. C. Backward into the future: The shift to coal and implications for the next energy transition. Maps rates of fuel poverty along racial/ethnic and socioeconomic block group characteristics, and finds that lower-income and racial- and ethnic-headed households, respectively, have higher rates of fuel poverty. By identifying the interests of expertise of students and researchers at the University of Arizona, community groups in the Southwest, and social and environmental organizations beyond, the Network will serve to create a stronger and more effective community working . Sovacool, B. K., Heffron, R. J., McCauley, D. & Goldthau, A. (2021). Policy 57, 6980 (2018). 3 (IUCN, Gland, 2009). Press, Oxford, 1999). Sci. Gardiner, S. M. & Hartzell-Nichols, L. Ethics and global climate change. Shue, H. Climate Justice: Vulnerability and Protection. Denver Law Review. Change 5, 201206 (2015). "Climate change is happening now and to all of us. Justice, social inclusion and indigenous opposition: A case study of wind energy development on the Isthmus of Tehuantepec, Mexico. Nature Climate Change The 2022 Countdown on health and climate change1 highlighted the impacts of climate change due to human-made disasters on the overall physical and socioeconomic fabric of human life. United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change. Explores the links between climate change and justice, establishes why climate change is an issue of justice, and discusses climate justice narratives. These maps visualise the disproportionate burden of illness and mortality due to climate change faced by the Global South. Climate Justice (Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy) Climate Justice First published Thu Jun 4, 2020 There is overwhelming evidence that human activities are changing the climate system. Ethics 37, 14568 (2015). 6, 14654 (2015). Sustain. Environ. Report of the Special Rapporteur on the Issue of Human Rights Obligations Relating to the Enjoyment of a Safe, Clean, Healthy and Sustainable Environment A/HRC/37/59 (United Nations Human Rights Council, 2018). Sci. It is worth noting that not all theories of justice imply that disproportionate adverse outcomes for poor people raise issues of justice or fairness. Fouquet, R. Historical energy transitions: speed, prices and system transformation. (2022). Real People, Real Change: Strategies for Just Energy Transitions (IISD, 2017); https://iisd.org/library/real-people-real-change-strategies-just-energy-transitions. Energy Res. Press, Oxford, 2011). It is vital for climate justice to pursue a pathway to zero carbon emissions by 2050 to limit global temperature rise to 1.5 C above pre-industrial levels and to minimize the adverse impacts. As mentioned previously, the construction of levees in Louisiana protected properties with high values at the expense of lower-value properties and contributed to the environmental injustice brought about by Hurricane Katrina. Papada, L. & Kaliampakos, D. Measuring energy poverty in Greece. Equity in human adaptation-related responses: A systematic global review, The inequality of America's levee systems. Anyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content: Sorry, a shareable link is not currently available for this article. [Google Scholar] OECD. Human rights and the clean development mechanism: lessons learned from three case studies. Global and regional abatement costs of Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs) and of enhanced action to levels well below 2 C and 1.5 C. Nature Communications Energy Policy 47, 358364 (2012). Orellana, M. in Conservation with Justice: A Rights Based Approach (ed. 2, 315343 (2014). Provides a conceptual framework for energy justice and defines the three tenets of the concept. 8600 Rockville Pike & McCauley, D. The concept of energy justice across the disciplines. Climate gentrification refers to the ways that climate impacts and adaptations may contribute to changes in community characteristics and potential displacement of vulnerable residents through changes in property values. Sets out framework principles for States to ensure the enjoyment of a safe, clean, healthy and sustainable environment within the context of human rights. Sustain. Mary Robinson Foundation Climate Justice, Trinity College, Dublin, Ireland, You can also search for this author in Implementing Coal Transitions: Insights from Case Studies of Major Coal-Consuming Economies (IDDRI, Climate Strategies, 2018). Dr. Resnik has published over 300 articles and 10 books on various topics on ethical, philosophical, and legal issues in science, technology, and medicine and is a Fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science. Anyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content: Sorry, a shareable link is not currently available for this article. The purpose of this research is to examine the influential attributes of employees' attitudes and intentions to stay in the domain of human resources management in a low-cost carrier business. 173248 (IPCC, Cambridge Univ. & Schlosberg, D.) Ch. Poverty Public Policy 2, 525 (2010). Although high-income countries reaffirmed their pledge at the recent Glasgow Climate Conference, the prospects for meeting this financial commitment are not good, especially given the global economic recession caused by the COVID-19 pandemic.66. Mollendorf, D. The Moral Challenge of Dangerous Climate Change: Values, Poverty and Policy (Cambridge Univ. Lobao, M., Zhou, M., Partridge, M. & Betz, M. Poverty, place, and coal employment across Appalachia and the United States in a new economic era. For most countries, mitigating climate change coincides with the national interest. Press, Oxford, 2016). 39 , 117-21 (2018). 63, 142165 (2019). The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the The approaches taken by renewable energy companies to human rights, with a focus on community engagement. Implications of the 1.5 C Limit in the Paris Agreement for Climate Policy and Decarbonisation (Climate Analytics, 2016); http://climateanalytics.org/files/1p5_australia_report_ci.pdf. Byravan, S. & Chella Rajan, S. The ethical implications of sea level rise due to climate change. Press, Oxford, 2014). Accessibility 2, 7176 (2019). Walker, C. & Baxter, J. While it would be amiss to speak of a singular climate justice movement or overly valorize the "local," close engagement with the texture of specific regional and cultural historiesin tandem with a global sensibilityoffers critically important windows into emergent postextractivist energy . Towards a Green Economy: Pathways to Sustainable Development and Poverty Eradication (UNEP, 2011); www.unep.org/greeneconomy. Policy Econ. Global warming is likely to reach 1.5C between 2030 and 2052 if it continues to increase at the current rate. wrote the initial version of the paper. Kramarz, T. & Park, S. Accountability in global environmental governance: a meaningful tool for action? Energy Res. the best experience, we recommend you use a more up to date browser (or turn off compatibility mode in Report of the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights on the Relationship Between Climate Change and Human Rights A/HRC/10/61 (OHCHR, 2009). Oppenheim, J. Type Research Article Information Legal Studies , Volume 32 , Issue 1 , March 2012 , pp. Before concluding this section, it is also important to mention that there may also be some difficulties with developing and implementing equitable climate adaptation policies, because wealthy and powerful groups may seek to protect their interests at the expense of socioeconomically disadvantaged groups. Environmentalists, economists, and policy analysts have become increasingly aware of these uneven effects of climate change mitigation policies and have argued that there needs to be a just transition to a green economy. Sci. Sartor, O. Int. Energy. However, this provision proved to be controversial, and many countries argued that all nations, not just developed nations, should do their part to mitigate climate change.62 India, for example, was exempted from the Kyoto Protocol, but India is a highly industrialized developing nation that produces huge amounts of greenhouse gases.63 While China was not exempted from the Kyoto Protocol, political leaders in the United States and other countries were concerned that China would not live up to the requirements of the treaty and would use it to gain an economic advantage over countries that abide by the treaty.64, Political and economic tensions impacted the drafting of the Paris Agreement in 2015, which does not exempt any signatory countries. Soc. Energy Res. Open Access To understand the relationship between climate change policies and international justice, it is important to discuss two opposing views of international justice, cosmopolitanism and nationalism. Before beginning this analysis, we need to say a few words about the concept of environmental justice. Ethiopias Climate Resilient Green Economy Strategy (Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia, 2011); http://www.ethcrge.info/crge.php. Soc. WIREs Clim. Jenkins, K. Setting energy justice apart from the crowd: Lessons from environmental and climate justice. National Resources Defense Council. Outka, U. Toxic wastes and race in the United States: A national report on the racial and socioeconomic characteristics of communities with hazardous waste sites. While there is little doubt that climate change raises issues of environmental justice, policy proposals designed to address climate change may impede the goals of the environmental justice movement if they are not developed and implemented with an eye toward reducing socioeconomic inequalities.17 According to Schlosberg and Collins: In any climate policy debate, environmental justice activists are suspicious of corporate or consumerist responses to climate change; they see such approaches as catering to those with wealth, rather than the already vulnerable. Sci. Tax. Clean energy justice: Charting an emerging agenda. Kyoto protocol to the United Nations framework convention on climate change, India has seen greenhouse gas emissions increase by a staggering 335% since 1990, The broken $100-billion promise of climate financeAnd how to fix it. Mackard, J. Draper, J. Healy, N. & Barry, J. Politicizing energy justice and energy system transitions: Fossil fuel divestment and a just transition. Climate change is a global phenomenon that requires a global effort unlike anything previously attempted. Law 24, 117122 (2015). 21, 14491466 (2016). Soc. 81, 343386 (2016). Rajamani, L. The 2015 Paris Agreement: interplay between hard, soft and non-obligations. 56: 2015: The adaptive water resource management handbook. 33, 185208 (2019). FOIA Sustain. Law 30, 6 (2013). & Ross, L. Lifting the high energy burden in Americas largest cities: How energy efficiency can improve low income and underserved communities (American Council for an Energy-Efficient Economy, 2016); https://www.aceee.org/sites/default/files/publications/researchreports/u1602.pdfDetailed analysis of energy insecurity in American cities. It may be possible to develop indicators of adaptation on the basis of further development of these impact indicators, but when doing so, it will be important that attribution to climate . We review evidence about just transition policies and programmes, primarily from cases in the Global North, and draw conclusions about what insights are still needed to understand the justice and equity dimensions of the transition, and to ensure that no one is left behind. Cameron, L. & van der Zwaan, B. Law 6, 109117 (2016). J. Energy Policy 120, 734740 (2018). Graff, M., Carley, S. & Konisky, D. Stakeholder perceptions of the United States energy transition: Local-level dynamics and community responses to national politics and policy. Shue, H. in Climate Justice: Vulnerability and Protection 2746 (Oxford Univ. Environ. Romanello M, Di Napoli C, Drummond P, Green C, Kennard H, Lampard P, et al. National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA, The publisher's final edited version of this article is available at, climate change, environmental justice, justice, politics, public policy, Confronting environmental racism: Voices from the grassroots, Unequal protection: Environmental justice and communities of color, Toxic wastes and race in the United States, Environmental justice: Creating equality, reclaiming democracy, Environmental justice: Grassroots activism and its impact on public policy decision making. Shue, H. Climate dreaming: negative emissions, risk transfer, and irreversibility. In the meantime, to ensure continued support, we are displaying the site without styles Employment factors for wind and solar energy technologies: A literature review. Identifies problems and gaps in existing legal, human rights, trade and other institutional arrangements for advancing climate justice and makes recommendations to achieve climate justice. Baker, S. H. Mexican energy reform, climate change, and energy justice in indigenous communities. Delivering the Green Economy Through Financial Policy (Frankfurt School of Finance & Management UNEP Collaborating Centre for Climate & Sustainable Energy Finance, 2014). 24, 23960 (2010). Incorporating Human Rights into Climate Action (Mary Robinson Foundation: Climate Justice, 2016); https://go.nature.com/2JactAx. 47, 7883 (2019). Ind. Wei, M., Patadia, S. & Kammen, D. M. Putting renewables and energy efficiency to work: How many jobs can the clean energy industry generate in the US? Perl, L. LIHEAP: Program and funding Report PL31865 (Congressional Research Service, 2018); https://fas.org/sgp/crs/misc/RL31865.pdf, Lamb, A. K. Energy Efficiency and Health: A Guide for Public Health and Health Care Professionals (Public Health Institute, 2019); http://www.phi.org/resources/?resource=energy-efficiency-and-health-a-guide-for-public-health-and-health-care-professionals, Nowak, S., Kushler, M. & Witte, P. The New Leaders of the Pack: Aceees Fourth National Review of Exemplary Energy Efficiency Programs (American Council for an Energy-Efficient Economy, 2019); https://www.aceee.org/research-report/u1901, Gilleo, A., Nowak, S. & Drehobl, A. SAPIENS 7, https://sapiens.revues.org/1680 (2014). (2022). led on reviewing and analysing the literature, and on redrafting with inputs from M.R. Law 38, 613 (2015). It compares the risks posed to human rights from climate impacts with the risks posed by climate action and suggests that rights-informed climate action can maximize benefits for people and the planet. Energy Policy 105, 63134 (2017). Open Access articles citing this article. In addition, by 2050, the International Food Policy Research institute estimates a 20% increase in malnourished children compared to what we would see . Thom Wetzer Nature Climate Change 12 , 15-21 ( 2022) Cite this article 68k Accesses 95 Citations 462 Altmetric Metrics This article has been updated Abstract The concept of net-zero carbon. 45, 160172 (2015). While it may seem obvious to most readers of this article that climate change is unjust at the global level, not everyone shares this viewpoint. Sci. Keith, D. W. & MacMartin, D. G. A temporary, moderate and responsive scenario for solar geoengineering. Noble, I. R. et al. Bernauer, T. & Betzold, C. Civil society in global environmental governance. Hurricane Katrina deaths, Louisiana, 2005, Disaster Medicine and Public Health Preparedness, Environmental justice through the eye of Hurricane Katrina, Race, place, and environmental justice after Hurricane Katrina: Struggles to reclaim, rebuild, and revitalize New Orleans and the Gulf Coast, Caribbean heat threatens health, well-being and the future of humanity. There is a range of responses to the climate emergency, which are shaped by power, privilege, and psychology. In the meantime, to ensure continued support, we are displaying the site without styles Psychology shapes how individuals perceive risk and whether they connect health, social, and environmental justice together as related issues that affect everyone. Most of the residents of this area are people of color with an income near the poverty line or below.27 The area became known as cancer alley because studies have shown that incidences of some types of cancer among people living in the area are significantly above the national average. We also acknowledge P. Baer and S. Kartha, who prepared a paper for the Mary Robinson Foundation Climate Justice on Zero Carbon Zero Poverty in 2015 that informed this Perspective. Climate Justice in a Climate Changed World. Several indicators of climate change impact have been developed that track observed species' population and community responses to climate change (69-71). Brunkard J, Namulanda G, & Ratard R (2008). Appl. Residential Energy Consumption Survey. The High Cost of Energy in Rural America: Household Energy Burdens and Opportunities for Energy Efficiency (American Council for an Energy-Efficient Economy, 2018); https://aceee.org/research-report/u1806. Fossil fuel emissions, chiefly carbon dioxide, contribute to global warming by means of the greenhouse effect.33 Other products of fossil fuel extraction and use, such as methane, are also potent greenhouse gases.34 Most climate change policy experts agree that to mitigate climate change the world must shift away from an economy the depends on fossil fuels toward one that relies on alternative sources of energy, such as wind, solar, hydroelectric, geothermal, or nuclear power, that is, a green economy.35 To achieve this transition, it will be necessary to adopt policies that drastically reduce the use of fossil fuels through such strategies as imposing high taxes on fossil fuels, or implementing carbon emission cap and trade system for larger emitters (such as electric utilities and factories).36 However, these strategies are likely to substantially increase the costs of energy and decrease economic growth, both of which disproportionally harm poor people.37 Because poor people spend a larger percentage of their income on energy than rich people, policies that increase the costs of energy are inherently regressive.38 Lack of affordable energy is a significant factor in poverty, malnutrition, and disease.39 Climate change mitigation experts also argue for phasing out fossil fuel production, which could put millions of low-income, low-skill people out of work and devastate local economies.40 Another proposal for mitigating climate change is to increase the use of biofuels derived from corn, soybeans, sugarcane, and other crops. Graff, M. & Pirog, M. Red tape is not so hot: Asset tests impact participation in the Low-Income Home Energy Assistance Program. Jodoin, S., Duyck, S. & Lofts, K. A. Press, 2014). An incandescent truth: Disparities in energy-efficient lighting availability and prices in an urban U. S. county. Geospatial analysis and environmental health, Defining environmental justice: Theories, movements, and nature, Environmental justice: Concepts, evidence, and politics, Which came first, people or pollution? Rural Sociol. Comp. Book Pollin, R. & Callaci, B. (MIT Press, Cambridge, 2006). Schade, J. Let's consider this question from the perspective of international and national justice. Those who view climate change as an environmental justice issue should be wary of endorsing policies that sound like they promote the cause of social and economic justice, but in fact do not. Nat. ), Environmental justice and environmentalism, Letter to the Jay D. Hair, President of the National Wildlife Federation. (ed.) & Stacey, M. B. Climate Change and Health Fact Sheet July 2017 (World Health Organization, 2017); http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs266/en. 39, 237261 (2012). Kolstad C. et al. Ross, L., Drehobl, A. Energy Policy 51, 435444 (2012). Gardiner, S. M. in The Oxford Handbook of Climate Change and Society (eds Dryzek, J. S., Norgaard, R. B. http://digitalcommons.law.uga.edu/gjicl/vol38/iss3/7/. & McKinnon, C. The ethics of climate induced displacement and resettlement. Res. Sign up for the Nature Briefing newsletter what matters in science, free to your inbox daily. Climate change is an environmental justice issue because it is likely to cause disproportionate harm to low-income countries and low-income populations in higher-income countries. Sovacool, B. K., Burke, M., Baker, L., Kotikalapudi, C. & Wlokas, H. New frontiers and conceptual frameworks for energy justice. & MacGill, I. Educ. 1, 21725 (2014). Nussbaum M (1996). Sanya Carley. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41560-020-0641-6. Publishers note Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. Evaluates the origins and intentions of utility regulation, and then proposes measures that could improve the degree to which such regulations advance social justice. Bickerstaff, K., Walker, G. & Bulkeley, H. He serves on several editorial boards and is an Associate Editor of the journal Accountability in Research. Energy Res. contracts here. Nat. Fairhead, J., Leach, M. & Scoones, I. Commun. Fastest Growing Occupations. volume8,pages 564569 (2018)Cite this article, An Author Correction to this article was published on 07 August 2018. Report of the Special Rapporteur on the Issue of Human Rights Obligations Relating to the Enjoyment of a Safe, Clean, Healthy and Sustainable Environment A/HRC/37/59 (Human Rights Council, United Nations General Assembly, 2018). The United States regulatory compact and energy poverty. What is this thing called international justice? Tonn, B., Rose, E. & Hawkins, B. & Stickles, B. Achieving Justice and Human Rights in an Era of Climate Disruption (Climate Change Justice and Human Rights Task Force, International Bar Association, 2014). Shue, H. Climate hope: implementing the exit strategy. 29, 160169 (2017). Middlemiss, L. & Gillard, R. Fuel poverty from the bottom-up: Characterizing household energy vulnerability through the lived experience of the fuel poor. While climate change policies may help to mitigate the effects of climate change on poor people, there is no guarantee that they will be just at the local, national, or global level. Kravchenko, S. Procedural rights as a crucial tool to combat climate change. Energy Res. Since the early 2000s, climate change has emerged as an important environmental justice issue because (a) it is caused, in part, by human activities that produce greenhouse gas emissions (such as combustion of fossil fuels) or reduce the biosphere's capacity to remove carbon dioxide from the atmosphere (such as deforestation); and (b) it disprop. This global challenge is complicated by related and more controversial questions about causal responsibility. & Bose, P. S. Displacement by Development: Ethics, Rights and Responsibilities. Lehr, U., Lutz, C. & Edler, D. Green jobs? Rights Environ. Energy Res. Sci. WIRES Climate Change 9, e519 (2018). Leiden J. Int. Is nationalism on the rise? Correspondence to 56, 369390 (2016). Hum. (Cambridge Univ. Balta-Ozkan, N., Davidson, R., Bicket, M. & Whitmarsh, L. Social barriers to the adoption of smart homes. This is a preview of subscription content, access via your institution. in Climate Change 2014: Impacts, Adaptation, and Vulnerability (eds Field, C. B. et al.) There is widespread agreement that a transition away from dependence on fossil fuels to alternative forms of energy is inevitable, since supplies of oil, coal, and natural gas will not last forever.

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