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Researchers found that these five bacteria showed synergistic pyrene degradation due to the following aspects: (1) The Bacillus strain enhanced the bioavailability of the pyrene by producing biosurfactant, (2) two Mycobacterium strains contributed to the initiation of pyrene degradation, and (3) Novosphingobium and Ochrobactrum efficiently degraded the intermediates of pyrene. Although oil pollution is difficult to treat, petroleum hydrocarbon-degrading bacteria have evolved as a result of existing in close proximity to naturally occurring petroleum hydrocarbons in the environment. Presence of some species led to greater TPH disappearance than with other species or in unvegetated soil. In diesel exposure experiments, researchers found that the primary effects of diesel fuel toxicity were reductions in species richness, evenness and phylogenetic diversity, with the resulting community being heavily dominated by a few species, principally Pseudomonas. A bacterial consortium composed of five culturable bacteria has been constructed by Wanapaisan et al. Large spills should be recycled or eliminated to as great a degree as possible, but in some cases it is difficult to recover the spilled materials, resulting in its remaining in the affected area, and posing persistent risks to the environment. 115122, 1996. 21, 463469. M. Nikolopoulou and N. Kalogerakis, Biostimulation strategies for fresh and chronically polluted marine environments with petroleum hydrocarbons, Journal of Chemical Technology and Biotechnology, vol. Adv. 51, 15701579. Remediation of hydrocarbonheavy metal co-contaminated soil by electrokinetics combined with biostimulation. 140146, 2003. 30, no. Indeed, temperature can affect bacterial growth and metabolism, the soil matrix and the mode of occurrence of pollutants, thereby indirectly affecting biodegradation efficiency (Abed et al., 2015). Appl. 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Bartha, Hydrocabon biodegradation and oil spill bioremediation, Advances in Microbial Ecology, vol. 23332340, 1996. Phytoremediation is an emerging technology that uses plants to manage a wide variety of environmental pollution problems, including the cleanup of soils and groundwater contaminated with hydrocarbons and other hazardous substances. 6, pp. A number of limiting factors have been recognized to affect the biodegradation of petroleum hydrocarbons, many of which have been discussed by Brusseau [53]. The intrusion of contaminant vapors into indoor spaces is of concern due to potential threats to safety (e.g . Environ. After 1 year of vegetative cover, approximately 83% of the samples were found to contain less than 10-ppm TPH. (2016). Vapor intrusion occurs when vapor-phase contaminants migrate from subsurface sources into buildings. K. V. Nedunuri, R. S. Govindaraju, M. K. Banks, A. P. Schwab, and Z. 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Grasses were often planted between rows of trees to provide soil stabilization and protection against wind-blown dust that could move contaminants offsite. Biodegrad. Recently, microbial remediation technology has developed rapidly and achieved major gains. U.S. EPA, Spill NCP Product Schedule, 2002, http://www.epa.gov/oilspill. T. Zimmer, M. Ohkuma, A. Ohta, M. Takagi, and W.-H. Schunck, The CYP52 multigene family of Candida maltosa encodes functionally diverse n-alkane-inducible cytochromes p450, Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications, vol. 3252832534, 1998. (2018) found that an aboriginal bacterial consortium based on the Penglai 19-3 oil spill accident (China) had higher oil degradation efficiency compared to individual bacteria and demonstrated that this indigenous consortium had the potential for bioremediating crude oil dispersed in the marine ecosystem. Appl. . Appl. Cerniglia et al. However, the main components of petroleum hydrocarbons are only carbon and hydrogen, therefore the environment must have enough other nutrient elements to ensure growth of bacterial degraders. 144, no. Hazard. (2015a). (2016). 59, no. J. J. Cooney, S. A. Bioremediation of Petroleum-Contaminated Soil | IntechOpen S.-J. Therefore, the use of hydrophilic microorganisms to treat hydrocarbon pollutants seems to be more advantageous than hydrophobic microorganisms (Obuekwe et al., 2009). R. Beal and W. B. Betts, Role of rhamnolipid biosurfactants in the uptake and mineralization of hexadecane in Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Journal of Applied Microbiology, vol. 587594, 2009. 1, pp. Many scientists reported that mixed populations with overall broad enzymatic capacities are required to degrade complex mixtures of hydrocarbons such as crude oil in soil [33], fresh water [34], and marine environments [35, 36]. 159, 2027. 2, no. Res. 6, pp. doi: 10.1007/s00253-011-3589-4, Abed, R. M. M., Al-Kharusi, S., and Al-Hinai, M. (2015). 1-2, pp. B. M. Applegate, S. R. Kehrmeyer, and G. S. Sayler, A chromosomally based tod-luxCDABE whole-cell reporter for benzene, toluene, ethybenzene, and xylene (BTEX) sensing, Applied and Environmental Microbiology, vol. The capability of several yeast species to use n-alkanes and other aliphatic hydrocarbons as a sole source of carbon and energy is mediated by the existence of multiple microsomal Cytochrome P450 forms. doi: 10.1016/j.ibiod.2014.12.009, Bacosa, H. P., Erdner, D. L., Rosenheim, B. E., Shetty, P., Seitz, K. W., Baker, B. J., et al. Asphaltenes biodegradation under shaking and static conditions. Influence of adhesion on aerobic biodegradation and bioremediation of liquid hydrocarbons. Bioremediation is the promising technology for the treatment of these contaminated sites since it is cost-effective and will lead to complete mineralization. 354359, 2006. 73, no. could be used to restore nitrogen to poor soils. Applications for genetically engineered microorganisms (GEMs) in bioremediation have received a great deal of attention to improve the degradation of hazardous wastes under laboratory conditions. Rhamnolipids caused greater dispersion of water-insoluble n-alkanes in the aqueous phase due to their amphipathic properties and the molecules consist of hydrophilic and hydrophobic moieties reduced the interfacial tension of oil-water systems. ISME J. Microbial degradation process aids the elimination of spilled oil from the environment after critical removal of large amounts of the oil by various physical and chemical methods. doi: 10.1128/AEM.02625-15, Ghosal, D., Ghosh, S., Dutta, T. K., and Ahn, Y. 98, 163173. 1, pp. Manage. Characterization of hydrocarbon-degrading microbial populations in contaminated and pristine alpine soils. 11, 27932808. Heipieper, H. J., Neumann, G., Cornelissen, S., and Meinhardt, F. (2007). ), and reed canary grass (Phalaris arundinacea) were used successfully at several sites, especially contaminated with petrochemical wastes. Microbial degradation of petroleum hydrocarbons - ScienceDirect 8198, C.I.P.A. Microbiol. (2012). 15, 8591. Glial engulfment of neuron-derived debris after trauma, during development, and in neurodegenerative diseases supports nervous system functions. 3, pp. Environ. J. Proteomics 167, 2535. Microbiol. 24, 1139211403. The results showed that there was no decline in the biodegradation activity of the microbial consortium on the repeated use. 59, 201222. 99, 814. J. M. Foght and D. W. S. Westlake, Biodegradation of hydrocarbons in freshwater, in Oil in Freshwater: Chemistry, Biology, Countermeasure Technology, J. H. Vandermeulen and S. R. Hrudey, Eds., pp. Chem. 4, pp. doi: 10.1016/j.envpol.2018.01.014, Gurav, R., Lyu, H., Ma, J., Tang, J., Liu, Q., and Zhang, H. (2017). This is why most researchers have found that many petroleum hydrocarbon-degrading bacteria can achieve excellent results during degradation of petroleum hydrocarbons under laboratory conditions yet exhibit dissatisfactory results in field-scale tests (Head et al., 2006). Sun, Y. This disadvantage makes it almost impossible to do anything when dealing with emergency pollution incidents because bioremediation will not remove contaminants as soon as the contamination occurs, but rather requires sufficient time to be achieved. [28]. 25, 28302841. 35, 845866. Saf. However, not much is known about contaminant fate and transformation pathways, including the identity of metabolites (Table 4). It is affected by many environmental factors that hinder its practical application, limiting the large-scale application of the technology. However, glycolipid type biosurfactants are also reported from some other species like P. putida and P. chlororaphis. J. Syst. However, this technology is not omnipotent. 255, no. 495500, 1980. Synergistic ex-situ biodegradation of crude oil by halotolerant bacterial consortium of indigenous strains isolated from on shore sites of Gujarat. J. H. O. Maeng, Y. Sakai, Y. Tani, and N. Kato, Isolation and characterization of a novel oxygenase that catalyzes the first step of n-alkane oxidation in Acinetobacter sp. Leaks and accidental spills occur regularly during the exploration, production, refining, transport, and storage of petroleum and petroleum products. Microbiol. 29812985, 1991. Extremely high levels of petroleum hydrocarbons strongly inhibit bacterial growth, resulting in poor biodegradation efficiency and even death of the bacteria (Ma et al., 2015). A., Makarov, S. O., Cunningham, C. J., et al. 195200, 1979. G. J. Mulkins Phillips and J. E. Stewart, Distribution of hydrocarbon utilizing bacteria in Northwestern Atlantic waters and coastal sediments, Canadian Journal of Microbiology, vol. 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Mechanical and chemical methods generally used to remove hydrocarbons from contaminated sites have limited effectiveness and can be expensive. 12, no. Fescue (Vulpia myuros), rye (Elymus sp. Bacteria displaying such capabilities are often exploited for the bioremediation of petroleum oil-contaminated environments. A. Noohi, and V. A. Sajadian, Isolation of biosurfactant producing bacteria from oil reservoirs, Iranian Journal of Environmental Health Science & Engineering, vol. Research and application of phytoremediation for the treatment of petroleum hydrocarbon contamination over the past fifteen years have provided much useful information that can be used to design effective remediation systems and drive further improvement and innovation. Phytoremediation can be cost-effective (a) for large sites with shallow residual levels of contamination by organic, nutrient, or metal pollutants, where contamination does not pose an imminent danger and only polishing treatment is required; (b) where vegetation is used as a final cap and closure of the site [116]. The Alabama Department of Environmental Management granted a site, which involved about 1500 cubic yards of soil of which 70% of the baseline samples contained over 100ppm of total petroleum hydrocarbon (TPH). Jaco Vangronsveld Widespread pollution of terrestrial ecosystems with petroleum hydrocarbons (PHCs) has generated a need for remediation and, given that many PHCs are. Environ. 2, pp. Environ. Development of bioreactors for comparative study of natural attenuation, biostimulation, and bioaugmentation of petroleum-hydrocarbon contaminated soil. 64, no. J. 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For example, Bacillus licheniformis decreases cell surface hydrophobicity in response to exposure to organic solvents and has little affinity for toxic organic compounds (Torres et al., 2011). 26, no. doi: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2011.04.002, Tremblay, J., Yergeau, E., Fortin, N., Cobanli, S., Elias, M., King, T. L., et al. 399434, Macmillan, New York, NY, USA, 1984. Figure 4 demonstrates the involvement of biosurfactant (rhamnolipids) produced by Pseudomonas sp. Ecotoxicol. Bioremediation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons by Bacillus Licheniformis ATHE9 and Bacillus Mojavensis ATHE13 as newly strains isolated from oil-contaminated soil. Opin. Removal of total petroleum hydrocarbon (TPH) at several field sites contaminated with crude oil, diesel fuel, or petroleum refinery wastes, at initial TPH concentrations of 1,700 to 16,000mg/kg were also investigated [117, 118]. (2004). Fate of a heavy oil in the marine environment. A. J. Mearns, Cleaning oiled shores: putting bioremediation to the test, Spill Science and Technology Bulletin, vol. Genome Announc. 308314, 2005. Researchers have found that using nitrogen-fixing hydrocarbon-degrading bacteria to improve the bioremediation efficiency was another good strategy instead of providing nitrogen sources (Thavasi et al., 2006). Appl. C in soil environments, 2030 J. Microbiol. 48 Articles, This article is part of the Research Topic, Restriction of Physical Contact Between Bacteria and Petroleum Hydrocarbons, Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). 11, no. Song, M., Yang, Y., Jiang, L., Hong, Q., Zhang, D., Shen, Z., et al. 5, pp. 523530, Benjamin/Cummings, San Francisco, Calif, USA, 4th edition, 1998. 2, pp. Enhanced bioremediation of oil spills in the sea. (2017). IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science PAPER OPEN doi: 10.1128/AEM.03939-13, Varjani, S. J. Infect. 8, pp. 1, 401408. The potential use of phytoremediation at a site contaminated with hydrocarbons was investigated. B. Lal and S. Khanna, Degradation of crude oil by Acinetobacter calcoaceticus and Alcaligenes odorans, Journal of Applied Bacteriology, vol. Biodegrad. Cell. (PDF) Biodegradation of Petroleum Hydrocarbons and The Factors

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